How we know what we know

Sources & attribution.

Every number on this site is computed from real, public data — not opinion. Here's exactly where it comes from, and who to credit.

Engineered Preparedness runs on primary sources — federal agencies, scientific institutions and open datasets. The tools don't editorialize the data; they apply the framework's math to it. The scoring models, weightings and derived compilations are our own work, but the raw inputs are all listed below, with a link to each.

Map data & attribution

Basemaps and geographic layers we display. Several carry license terms that require credit — listed first.

Natural hazards & climate

The physical-risk backbone of the Threat Report, the risk map and the hazard simulators.

Population, economy & society

Who lives where, and the economic and social factors that shape risk and readiness.

Infrastructure & facilities

The built environment layered onto the maps — what’s around any address.

Live monitoring feeds

Updated continuously and shown on the dashboard and maps. 134 distinct streams, pulled in-browser or refreshed each deploy.

Weather & natural

  • Severe weather alertsNWS / weather.gov
  • NWS warning polygonsNWS
  • NEXRAD radar reflectivityNOAA
  • Hurricane forecast coneNHC
  • Hurricane trackNHC
  • Live earthquakes (30-day)USGS
  • U.S. earthquakes M3+USGS
  • U.S. earthquakes M5+USGS
  • Major quakes M6.0+USGS
  • Elevated volcanoesUSGS HANS
  • Volcanic eruptions (world)Smithsonian GVP
  • U.S. volcanic eruptionsSmithsonian GVP
  • Active wildfiresNIFC / ArcGIS
  • Fire perimetersNIFC
  • Satellite fire detectionsNASA FIRMS (VIIRS)
  • Wildfire acres burnedNIFC WFIGS
  • Wildfires reported (count)NIFC WFIGS
  • Severe drought (D2+)US Drought Monitor
  • Extreme drought (D3+)US Drought Monitor
  • Abnormally dry (D0+)US Drought Monitor
  • River & flood gaugesNWS / USGS
  • Reservoir levelsUSGS / USBR / CDEC
  • U.S. tornadoesNOAA SPC
  • Strong tornadoes (EF2+)NOAA SPC
  • U.S. tornado deathsNOAA SPC
  • Atlantic named stormsNOAA HURDAT2 / IBTrACS
  • Atlantic hurricanesNOAA HURDAT2 / IBTrACS
  • U.S. hurricane landfallsNOAA HURDAT2
  • Federal disaster declarationsFEMA
  • Billion-dollar disastersNOAA NCEI
  • Billion-dollar disaster costNOAA NCEI
  • U.S. temperature anomalyNOAA NCEI
  • Fine particles (PM2.5)EPA / Open-Meteo
  • Air-quality contoursAirNow / EPA
  • Wildfire smoke forecastNOAA / NDGD
  • Aurora forecast (OVATION)NOAA SWPC
  • HF radio blackout (D-RAP)NOAA SWPC
  • Solar flux (F10.7 / SFI)GFZ Potsdam
  • Sunspot numberSILSO (Royal Obs. Belgium)
  • X-class solar flaresNOAA SWPC / HEK
  • M-class solar flaresNOAA SWPC / HEK
  • Geomagnetic storm daysGFZ Potsdam (Kp)
  • Peak Kp indexGFZ Potsdam
  • Geomagnetic activity (Ap)GFZ Potsdam

Global hazards

  • Global disaster alertsGDACS
  • Humanitarian disastersReliefWeb (UN OCHA)

Health

  • Influenza-like illness (ILINet)CDC / Delphi FluView
  • Flu ED visitsCDC NSSP
  • COVID-19 ED visitsCDC NSSP
  • RSV ED visitsCDC NSSP
  • Measles casesCDC
  • Influenza & pneumonia deathsCDC NCHS
  • Disease outbreak newsWHO

Economic

  • Treasury yield curveU.S. Treasury
  • Bitcoin priceCoinGecko
  • Ethereum priceCoinGecko
  • 10Y–2Y yield spreadFRED
  • Sahm recession indicatorFRED
  • VIX volatility indexFRED
  • Unemployment rateFRED / BLS
  • M2 money supplyFRED
  • S&P 500 indexFRED
  • Crude oil — WTIFRED / EIA
  • Crude oil — BrentFRED / EIA
  • Federal debtFRED / Treasury
  • Debt-to-GDPFRED
  • Real GDPFRED / BEA
  • Inflation (CPI)FRED / BLS
  • Buffett indicatorFRED
  • Gold priceYahoo Finance
  • Silver priceYahoo Finance
  • Platinum priceYahoo Finance
  • Palladium priceYahoo Finance
  • Financial stress indexSt. Louis Fed (STLFSI)
  • Credit-card delinquencyFRED
  • Initial jobless claimsFRED / DOL
  • Federal budget deficitFRED / Treasury
  • Treasuries held by ChinaU.S. Treasury (TIC)
  • Treasuries held by JapanU.S. Treasury (TIC)
  • Treasuries held by the UKU.S. Treasury (TIC)
  • Treasuries held abroadU.S. Treasury (TIC)
  • FTSE 100 indexFRED
  • Nikkei 225 indexFRED
  • DAX indexFRED
  • Prediction-market oddsPolymarket

Civil & security

  • U.S. protest eventsCrowd Counting Consortium
  • Arrests at protestsCrowd Counting Consortium
  • Injuries at protestsCrowd Counting Consortium
  • Deaths at protestsCrowd Counting Consortium
  • Protests with property damageCrowd Counting Consortium
  • Protest turnoutCrowd Counting Consortium
  • Conflict deaths (worldwide)UCDP (Uppsala)
  • Conflict events (worldwide)UCDP (Uppsala)
  • State-based conflict deathsUCDP (Uppsala)
  • Non-state conflict deathsUCDP (Uppsala)
  • One-sided violence deathsUCDP (Uppsala)
  • GPS interferencegpsjam.org
  • Military aircraftadsb.lol

Infrastructure & energy

  • Internet outagesCloudflare Radar
  • US routing table reachabilityIODA (Georgia Tech)
  • US active probingIODA (Georgia Tech)
  • US traffic vs forecastIODA (Georgia Tech)
  • Starlink reachabilityIODA (AS14593)
  • AT&T reachabilityIODA (AS7018)
  • Verizon reachabilityIODA (AS701)
  • T-Mobile reachabilityIODA (AS21928)
  • Comcast reachabilityIODA (AS7922)
  • Charter reachabilityIODA (AS20115)
  • Cox reachabilityIODA (AS22773)
  • Lumen reachabilityIODA (AS3356)
  • T-Mobile cellular trafficCloudflare Radar (AS21928)
  • AT&T cellular trafficCloudflare Radar (AS20057)
  • Verizon cellular trafficCloudflare Radar (AS6167)
  • Web (L7) DDoS attacksCloudflare Radar
  • Network (L3) DDoS attacksCloudflare Radar
  • Refinery utilizationEIA
  • Electric grid demandEIA-930
  • Grid demand forecastEIA-930
  • Grid generation fuel mixEIA
  • Gasoline stocksEIA
  • Distillate stocksEIA
  • Crude oil stocks (ex-SPR)EIA
  • Propane stocksEIA
  • Strategic Petroleum ReserveEIA
  • Cushing hub crudeEIA
  • Natural gas storageEIA / FRED
  • Electricity priceEIA / FRED
  • Gasoline priceEIA
  • Diesel priceEIA
  • Off-road diesel priceEIA
  • Propane priceEIA / FRED
  • Intl. oil productionEIA
  • EU gas storageAGSI / GIE
  • FAA airport statusFAA NAS Status

Attribution & licensing

Datasets produced by the U.S. government are in the public domain and used freely. A few open datasets carry attribution licenses and are credited accordingly: map tiles are © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL); populated-place data is © GeoNames and geology is © Macrostrat (both CC BY 4.0); live air-quality data is from Open-Meteo (CC BY 4.0); armed-conflict data is © UCDP, Uppsala University (CC BY 4.0); military ADS-B is © adsb.lol contributors (ODbL); US protest counts are from the Crowd Counting Consortium (CC0); economic series are courtesy of FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

Our threat-scoring models, weightings, curated compilations and written analysis are original work and are not endorsed by any of the agencies above. This page is for transparency, not a claim of affiliation. Spotted something we should credit differently? Let us know.